金屬3D打印關鍵部件助力中國首次火星探測任務著陸與巡視

魔猴君  行業(yè)資訊   1312天前

5月15日7時18分，由中國航天科技集團五院抓總研制的天問一號火星探測器成功著陸火星，邁出了我國星際探測征程的重要一步，實現(xiàn)了從地月系到行星系的跨越。

May 15th, the Tianwen-1 Mars rover developed by the fifth institute of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation successfully landed on Mars, taking an important step in China’s interstellar exploration journey and realizing the transition from the Earth-Moon system to the planets system.

安裝在中國火星探測器“天問一號”前方的避障攝像機拍攝的黑白圖像表明，著陸器上的坡道已延伸至火星表面。 在圖像中清晰可見流動站前進方向的地形，并且由于廣角鏡的作用，火星的地平線顯得彎曲了。 來源：新華網

Picture:The black and white image taken by an obstacle avoidance camera installed in front of the rover of China’s Mars probe Tianwen-1 shows that a ramp on the lander has been extended to the surface of Mars. The terrain of the rover’s forward direction is clearly visible in the image, and the horizon of Mars appears curved due to the wide-angle lens. Source: XInhuaNet

© 中國國家航天局/China National Space Administration

火星距離地球遙遠、晝夜環(huán)境溫差大，對深空探測器的結構極致輕量化和多功能一體化提出了更高要求，傳統(tǒng)結構技術難以滿足其性能指標要求，金屬3D打印實現(xiàn)了火星探測任務關鍵技術支撐。

Mars is far away from the earth and the temperature difference between day and night is large, which puts forward higher requirements for deep space probes with the extreme lightweight and integration of multi-functional design concept. Hence traditional technology cannot meet the requirements of such performance requirements.

設計、材料、設備、工藝多方面攻關

五院總體設計部作為火星探測器的抓總單位和結構機構分系統(tǒng)研制單位，采用金屬3D 打印技術和跨尺度結構優(yōu)化設計方法，聯(lián)合北京衛(wèi)星制造廠、北京理工大學、大連理工大學、西北工業(yè)大學、南京航空航天大學、西安鉑力特增材技術股份有限公司、沈陽精合數(shù)控科技開發(fā)有限公司等國內優(yōu)勢團隊，圍繞面向3D打印結構設計、3D打印專用材料研發(fā)、3D打印專用裝備研制及制造工藝開展聯(lián)合攻關。

三、四、六折旋轉對稱的第二、第三、第四、第四級點陣單元的設計

/Design of the second, third, fourth hierarchical level lattice cells with (a) three-, (b) four-, (C) six-fold rotational symmetries

來源：Paper of <Design of self-supporting lattices for additive manufacturing>, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids

The overall design department of the fifth institute of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation as the project leader of the development of the Mars rover and the development of the sub-system of the structure, has developed cross-scale structural optimization design methods, and by cooperation with Beijing Satellite Manufacturing Factory, Beijing Institute of Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Xi’an BLT Additive Technology Co., Ltd, Shenyang TSC Numerical Control Technology Development Co., Ltd. and other domestic partners. The team have put great efforts to focus on further development of the 3D printing structure design, 3D printing special material research, 3D printing special equipment research and 3D printing manufacturing technology control.

 金屬3D打印實現(xiàn)火星探測任務關鍵技術支撐

項目突破了基于金屬3D打印的極致輕量化三維點陣結構技術，解決了深空探測器復雜結構部件的輕量化設計、功能集成與整體制造難題。完成了祝融號火星車相變儲能裝置結構及承載結構合計30余套關鍵部件的設計與正樣應用。大幅減少結構件數(shù)量，實現(xiàn)了產品減重40%~60%，研制周期縮短50%。

The joint research has achieved some broken through in the ultra-lightweight metal three-dimensional lattice structure technology, and solve the lightweight design of the complex structure of the deep space detector, and realize the function integration of extremely complex structures. The team finalized the design and application of totaling above 30 pieces/set of key components. The number of structural parts is greatly reduced, the weight of the product is reduced by 40% to 60%, and the development cycle is shortened by 50%.

相變儲能裝置結構（圖片為研制階段示意圖）

/Phase change energy storage device structure

Note: The picture is the schematic diagram of the development stage

© 中國空間技術研究院總體設計部

連接角盒結構（圖片為研制階段示意圖）

/Connecting corner box structure

Note: The picture is the schematic diagram of the development stage

© 中國空間技術研究院總體設計部

上述金屬 3D打印部件在天問一號探測器及祝融號火星車的成功應用，體現(xiàn)了金屬 3D 打印先進結構技術對于我國首次自主火星探測任務的關鍵技術支撐，具有標志性意義。

The successful application of the metal 3D printed parts in the Tianwen-1 probe and Zhurong Mars rover demonstrates metal 3D printing played the key role to pave the technical way out for the successful Mars exploration mission.

該研究成果得到了國家重點研發(fā)計劃、裝發(fā)共用技術項目、國防基礎科研項目、國家自然科學基金和中國科協(xié)青年人才托舉工程等項目的支持。

航天科技五院總體設計部是我國組建成立最早、總體領域最多、專業(yè)技術最齊備的空間飛行器研制核心總體單位，該部結構與機構技術研究室在3D 打印結構技術方面開展了大量研究工作，提出了增材制造自支撐三維點陣結構設計方法，相關成果發(fā)表在JMPS、IJSS、AIAA Journal、CJA等國內外高影響力學術期刊，并且實現(xiàn)了在火星探測器、中國空間站、千乘一號衛(wèi)星、高分十四號衛(wèi)星、中巴地球資源04A 衛(wèi)星等型號的在軌應用，大幅提升結構產品的功能性能。

[1] Zhou, H., et al. 2021. Design of self-supporting lattices for additive manufacturing. J. Mech. Phys. Solid. 148, 104298.

[2] Li, C., et al. 2020. Architecture design of periodic truss-lattice cells for additive manufacturing. Addit. Manuf. 34, 101172.

[3] Zhou, H., et al. 2019. Lightweight structure of a phase-change thermal controller based on lattice cells manufactured by SLM. Chinese J. Aeronaut. 32(7), 1727-1732.

[4] Zhang, X., et al. 2018. Vibration Tests of 3D Printed Satellite Structure Made of Lattice Sandwich Panels. AIAA J. 56(10):4213-4217.

[5] Liu, C. et al. 2020. Optimal design of shell-graded-infill structures by a hybrid MMC-MMV approach. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 369, 113187.